📋 QPS (Addendum II) — Master Input Document

SCK CEN Ref.:

QPS (Addendum II) draft after approval

Technical Specifications and Project Requirement

Tender reference: 2024-106-IVE

© SCK CEN - Stichting van Openbaar Nut – Fondation d'Utilité Publique ‐ Foundation of Public Utility Registered Office: Avenue Herrmann Debroux 40 – BE‐1160 BRUSSEL Research Centres:

Boeretang 200 - 2400 MOL – Belgium

Chemin du Cyclotron 6 - 1348 Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve – Belgium

www.sckcen.be

Copyright Rules

All property rights and copyright are reserved to SCK CEN. In case of a contractual arrangement with SCK CEN, the use of this information by a Third Party, or for any purpose other than for which it is intended based on the contract, is not authorized. With respect to any unauthorized use, SCK CEN makes no representation or warranty, expressed or implied, and assumes no liability as to the completeness, accuracy or usefulness of the information contained in this document, or that its use may not infringe privately owned rights.

Abbreviations

Terminology

The following terminology applies for the designation of components and subsystems within the Cryogenic System.

Terms and Definitions

Table of Figures

📊 Figure 1. Overall layout of the Cryogenic System 14

📊 Figure 2. View of the buildings related to the QPS. 15

📊 Figure 3. Simplified representation of a single QCELL (inside dotted line) as seen by the QPLANT. Temperatures and pressures shown are indicative of the 2 K Operation scenario. 16

📊 Figure 4. Simplified Process Flow Diagram of the QPS. 18

📊 Figure 5. QPS - Control and Interlock related systems 20

📊 Figure 6. Cryogenic User Circuitry Model for steady-state analysis. Simplified representation of the QDB and QMs as seen by the QPS. 27

📊 Figure 7. Cryogenic User Transient Model for transient analysis. Simplified representation of the QDB and QMs as seen by the QPS. 27

📊 Figure 8. Operational Scenarios and their transitions of the QPS. 30

📊 Figure 9. Warm Helium Storage (WSH), showing the Helium storage vessels covered under Contingent Part #2. 60

📊 Figure 10. Preliminary arrangement and indicative pipe sizes of the QLM at the QRB-QLM connection. 67

📊 Figure 11. Reference Architecture of the Cryogenic Control System 70

📊 Figure 12. MIT Reference Architecture 72

Table of Tables

Table 1. Overview of Helium process lines of the QPS. 17

Table 2. Applicable Documentation (AD) 23

Table 3. Steady State Operational Scenarios 28

Table 4. Transient Operational Scenarios 29

Table 5. Indicative LHe Filling and Emptying Demand. 31

Table 6. Operational Heat Load Ranges. 33

Table 7. Operational Flow Conditions. 33

Table 8. Design Cooling Capacity - Heat loads and liquefaction demand. 34

Table 9. Design Flow Conditions at the QRB interfaces. 34

Table 10. Reliability performance requirements 38

Table 11. Maintenance Windows 39

Table 12. Temperature measurement accuracy 46

Table 13. Instrumentation tags. 48

Table 14. Minimum Process Instrumentation for the WCS 54

Table 15. Minimum Process Instrumentation for the QRB 59

Table 16. He Leakage limits 62

Table 17. Helium Inventory at the Cryogenic Users (for LINAC_30) 63

Table 18. Site Environmental Conditions 79

Table 19 Compressor room (CCB) electrical supply and load constraints 81

Table 20 Cold Box Room (AUB) electrical supply & load constraints 81

Table 21 Softened water quality parameters used for closed loop filling 83

Table 22 Provisional contract execution milestones. 117

Table 23. Asset Management and RCM standards 128

Table 24. Pressure Equipment and Safety Standards 129

Table 25. Functional Safety & Control Standards 129

Table 26. Cleanliness and Purity 129

Table 27. Lumped cold mass composition for the Cryogenic User Transient Model. 133

Table 28. Static heat loads for the Cryogenic User Transient Model 133

Table 29. Specific enthalpy (weighted average) of the lumped masses for the 1 K to 300 K. 133

Table 30. Instructions for GSHRC [AD_04]. 134

Table 31. Control Architecture details 135

Introduction

MINERVA is the “Phase 1 Implementation” of the MYRRHA programme. It focuses on the design, construction, and commissioning of a 4 mA 100 MeV super-conducting continuous-wave proton Linear Accelerator (LINAC), a Proton Target Facility (PTF), and a Full Power Facility (FPF). Phase 2 of the MYRRHA program will be the extension to 600 MeV.

The LINAC

The ~160 m long LINAC consists of a normal-conducting injector followed by a superconducting section. The superconducting section accelerates protons from 17 MeV to 100 MeV using 352.2 MHz single-spoke cavities operating at 2 K. Each Cavity (CAV) is submerged in saturated superfluid helium (He II) within a helium tank. Two cavities are integrated into one Cryomodule (QM), which is connected to a dedicated Cryogenic Valve Box (QVB). The combination of one QM and one QVB is referred to as a Cryo-Cell (QCELL).

The MINERVA implementation is staged in two steps:

LINAC_24: Initial deployment comprising a LINAC configuration with 24 QMs.

LINAC_30: Full deployment comprising a LINAC configuration with 30 QMs.

The MINERVA Cryogenic System

📊 The MINERVA Cryogenic System can be decomposed into four main blocks (Figure 1):

Cryogenic Plant & Storage (QPS),

Cryogenic Distribution Backbone (QDB),

Warm Pipping System (WPS)

Cryomodules (QMs).

The QPS provides the refrigeration power and storage capacity. It consists of the following subsystems:

QPLANT: the Cryogenic Plant itself, subdivided into

WCS: Warm Compressor Station

QRB: Cold Box Station

Storage systems

WSH: Warm Helium Gas storage.

QSN: Liquid Nitrogen Storage (if required by the Contractor’s design)

The QDB distributes the cryogenic fluids between the QPS and the QMs. It consists of the following subsystems:

QLM: Main Cryogenic Line, housing the main distribution headers at multiple temperature and pressure levels

QVBs: String of Cryogenic Valve Boxes for controlling the mass flow supplied to each individual QM.

QVE: End Box, acting as the return module for excess helium mass flow.

The QMs house the superconducting cavities to be cooled. The combination of one QM and its associated QVB forms a Cryogenic Cell (QCELL), which acts as a single functional unit regulating its own helium mass flow consumption by extracting flow from, and returning flow to, the main distribution headers.

📊 Figure 1. Overall layout of the Cryogenic System

📊 The MINERVA Cryogenic System is distributed over different areas (Figure 2):

For the QPS:

Compressor Room: Location of the Warm Compression Station (WCS)

Storage Area (outside): Location of the storage vessels (WSH and QSN).

Cold Box Room: Location of the Cold Box Station (QRB).

Connecting rooms: Multiple locations for routing the Interconnecting Warm Lines between the WCS and the QRB.

For the QDB and QMs:

LTU (LINAC Tunnel): Location for the Cryomodules (QMs), Valve Boxes (QVBs), End Box (QVE), and part of the Main Cryogenic Line (QLM).

📊 Figure 2. View of the buildings related to the QPS.

QPS Users

The QPS Users are divided into two groups:

The Cryogenic Users, represented by the QCELLs and associated cryogenic equipment,

The External Dewar Users, withdrawing helium via dewars and returning it via a dedicated line.

The primary purpose of the QPS is to satisfy the operational requirements of the Cryogenic Users. External Dewar Users represent an auxiliary demand that does not govern the design basis of the QPS.

Cryogenic Users

The Cryogenic Users consists of the QMs equipment and associated cryogenic distribution (QDB). From the perspective of the QPS, the operational behaviour of the Cryogenic Users is dominated by the QCELLs (QM + QVB).

📊 Each QCELL interfaces with the QPS through the designated helium process lines A, B, D, E, and W. Figure 3. provides a simplified representation of a single QCELL as seen by the QPLANT. The QPS supplies refrigeration and liquefaction capacity to the QCELLs through three main helium circuits:

CAV Circuit (Header A to B)

TS Circuit (Header D to E)

CPLR Circuit (Header A to W)

The CAV Circuit provides cooling of the cavity cold masses.

Represents an (predominantly) isothermal refrigeration load, consisting of both static and dynamic heat loads.

Nominal cavity bath temperature: 2 K, saturated liquid helium.

Vapour quality at bath inlet: ~17 % (two-phase helium).

Vapour quality at bath outlet: 100 % (saturated gaseous helium).

During LHe filling, the cavity bath is filled via a dedicated filling valve.

The TS Circuit provides cooling of the thermal shield masses.

Represents a non-isothermal refrigeration load, consisting of static heat loads.

Operates at a significantly higher helium pressure than the CAV Circuit.

The nominal supply pressure and temperature levels will be determined by the QPS design as part of its overall efficiency optimization.

The CPLR Circuit provides thermalization of the RF couplers.

Represents a non-isothermal liquefaction load, consisting of static heat loads.

The operational demand is characterised primarily by helium mass flow consumption rather than fixed temperature setpoints.

Operates over a wide temperature range, from approximately 5 K at the cold end to near ambient temperature at the warm end.

During cooldown and warm-up, the QCELLs autonomously limit temperature gradients and ramp rates via its dedicated control valves. Each QCELL contains electrical heaters for:

Supporting controlled warm-up operations.

Evaporating residual liquid helium.

Simulating dynamic heat loads.

📊 Figure 3. Simplified representation of a single QCELL (inside dotted line) as seen by the QPLANT. Temperatures and pressures shown are indicative of the 2 K Operation scenario.

External Dewar Users

The External Dewar Users represent other users of the MINERVA facility that require LHe supplied in dewars for experimental purposes.

External Dewar Users may withdraw liquid helium from the QPLANT on a non-continuous basis via dewars. Returned helium is in the form of clean room-temperature gaseous helium (GHe) routed to the QPLANT via a dedicated recovery line.

Process Flow Diagram and He process lines

📊 An indicative Process Flow Diagram of the QPS is shown in Figure 4, with Table 1 providing a functional description of the main process and interface helium lines.

The helium process lines define the functional boundary between the QPS and the QPS Users. In normal operation:

The W line is the only warm return line and represents the net liquefaction load seen by the QPS. Under nominal conditions, ≤5 % of the helium supplied to the QCELLs via the A-line is returned to the QPS through the W-line.

The U line is a utility supply line providing warm gaseous helium for purging and auxiliary operations. It does not participate in the closed cryogenic cycle during normal operation.

The S line is a safety recovery line intended for abnormal operating conditions (e.g. minor QCELL overpressure events). It provides a controlled return path for discharged clean helium to the QPS, where it is recompressed and reintegrated into the main cycle, thereby preserving the helium inventory.

The G10 and G20 lines provide the supply and return paths for External Dewar Users.

Table 1. Overview of Helium process lines of the QPS.

* Line participating in the main cryogenic refrigeration cycle.

📊 Figure 4. Simplified Process Flow Diagram of the QPS.

The Control & Interlock System and IT infrastructure.

The MINERVA facility contains a hierarchical control and interlock architecture comprising the following elements:

MINERVA IT Infrastructure (MIT): System providing the supporting IT infrastructure for the entire facility. For the QPS, it provides services such as user authentication, standard network backbone, etc.

MINERVA Control and Interlock System (CIS), consisting of:

MINERVA Control System (MCS): System for the control and monitoring of all accelerator components, including the WPS, QDB, and QMs.

MINERVA Interlock System (MIS): System for the execution of machine and personal protection interlocks. It is subdivided into:

Device Interlock System (DIS): System specific for machine protection. It communicates any machine protection relevant interlock between the QPS and other systems (e.g. loss of cooling water from the SCK CEN infrastructure).

Personnel Protection System (PEPS): System specific for personal protection. It communicates any personal protection relevant interlock between the QPS and other systems (e.g. oxygen deficiency events).

The QPS has its own control and interlock system, referred to as the “QPS Control & Interlock System” (QPS:CIS). The QPS:CIS will manage all internal process operations and local safety functions (e.g. WCS PLC, QRB PLC, WSH PLC, …), as well as include the associated SCADA system.

📊 Figure 5. QPS - Control and Interlock related systems

Nature of the Procurement

Scope of Work by the Contractor

The Contract scope covers all services required to design, build, and commission a fully functional QPS (including e.g. QPS:CIS) in compliance with the requirements stated in this document.

The scope of work includes, but is not limited to, the following activities:

Design & engineering

Manufacturing, procurement

Transportation and on-site installation

Stand-alone commissioning and testing

Quality Assurance and Control activities

Training & Competence transfer

Support service

N.B.: Integrated commissioning activities that involve end-user participation (e.g. CIS interfacing or operational acceptance testing by SCK CEN personnel) are outside the Contractor’s scope.

Scope of Supply by the Contractor

Fixed Scope

One (1) fully functional “Cryoplant & Storage System” (QPS), including

Fully operational

Fully operational for (sporadic) supply/return to/from External Dewar Users.

be fully operational

exclude the Helium gas storage vessels (Contingent Part #2)

One (1) LN2 Storage System (QSN), if required by the Contractor’s design.

All associated components, such as

support structures and access equipment (e.g. ladders).

insulation vacuum equipment and instrumentation (pumps, gauges, etc)

internal interconnecting piping for the QPS (e.g. between WCS, QRB, WSH, etc)

One (1) complete Control and Interlock System for the QPS (QPS:CIS)

All Helium inventory and LN2 inventory (if applicable) required by the QPS itself during performance of the Contract, including any replenishment required during this period.

Full documentation package

Contingent Parts

Strategic spare parts for the first 5 years of operation.

Helium gas storage vessels for the Warm Storage Helium (WSH)

N.B.: There is no order/preference assumed for the contingent parts.

Applicable Documents

Table 2. Applicable Documentation (AD)

Technical Requirements

General Requirements

The technical requirements imposed by SCK CEN applicable to the development, performance, and quality (e.g. inspections, tests) of the procured items are specified in the present document and all other documents referred to herein. These requirements include, but are not limited to, norms and other standards, processes, and their parameters. All such requirements are mandatory, unless adjusted in accordance with the principles set forth in the subsequent paragraphs.

In accordance with § 1.13 of the Main Tender Document, the Contractor may no longer rely on information lacking after the deadline for submitting questions.

All SCK CEN’s Tender Documents have been duly analysed

The information provided therein is considered sufficient to allow the Applicant to submit a compliant proposal ensuring that the supplied items meet the specified requirements.

Any missing or insufficient information identified has been formally notified to SCK CEN without undue delay, in accordance with §1.13 of the Main Tender Document.

Any additional requirements defined by the Applicant (beyond those specified by SCK CEN), which are considered necessary to fulfil the intended function, performance, or integration of the proposed solution.

Any assumptions which have been defined by the Applicant, which are considered necessary to evaluate the offer.

Applicable Units

Use SI units for all performance data, calculations, and operating parameters.

State all pressure values as absolute pressure in bar(a).

Component nominal sizes and internationally recognised standard designations (e.g. NPS, ANSI ratings) may be stated in their standard form.

Use alternative units only with prior written approval by SCK CEN.

Process and Functional Requirements

Design and Operational Conditions

Operational Conditions: Conditions expected during actual operation of the system, derived from cryogenic process specifications.

Design Conditions: Conservative or hypothetical conditions to be used for sizing purposes, which may differ from actual operational conditions.

Apply all Design and Operational Conditions, as specified hereafter.

QPLANT Design Point

Design Conditions of 2K-OP (2 K Operation) in accordance with §4.2.4 “Cooling Capacity”

QPLANT Standby Point

Design Conditions of 2K-SB (2 K Standby) in accordance with §4.2.4 “Cooling Capacity”

WSH Design Point

Design Conditions in accordance with RTM-241, §4.4.5.2 “WSH Requirements”

QSN Design Point

Design Conditions in accordance with §4.4.6 ”Liquid Nitrogen Storage (QSN)”

Simplified User Models

The CPLR Circuit has the liquefaction load defined by the mass flow consumption “m_CPLR.”

The CAV Circuit has the heat loads “Q_CAV” at the cavities and “Q_B” at the return header.

The TS Circuit has the heat load “Q_TS” at the Thermal Shield, including supply and return headers.

The boundary conditions are specified in Appendix 11.1.

The respective heat loads and mass flows are specified in §4.2.2 for Operational Conditions and §4.2.4 for Design Conditions.

The CAV mass is represented as a lumped thermal mass receiving heat loads from the Thermal Shield mass via radiation and conduction.

The TS mass is represented as a lumped thermal mass receiving heat loads from ambient via radiation and conduction.

The temperature-dependent properties of the masses and heat loads are specified in Appendix 11.2.

📊 Figure 6. Cryogenic User Circuitry Model for steady-state analysis. Simplified representation of the QDB and QMs as seen by the QPS.

📊 Figure 7. Cryogenic User Transient Model for transient analysis. Simplified representation of the QDB and QMs as seen by the QPS.

Operational Scenarios and Transitions

The Contractor may subdivide scenarios into intermediate operational steps, as required by its design for control or sequencing purposes.

Enable controlled operation in each specified scenario and transition.

Provide, via the QPS:CIS, the scenario execution status, including at minimum the active scenario identifier, current sub-step identifier, readiness-to-proceed status, and hold/abort status.

The boundary conditions and operational constraints imposed by the QPS at each user interface.

The interface process variable envelopes and ramp limits that the QPS will apply for each scenario/sub step.

The QPS-provided readiness-to-proceed, hold, and abort conditions and their triggers.

The QPS interface behaviour during trips and recovery, including any constraints imposed on the Cryogenic Users.

The QPS state/status information and identifiers required to allow the user-side broker system to manage user actions based on QPS states.

The sub steps, transition conditions, and the associated interface process conditions and control setpoint ranges

The control setpoints, alarm limits, and interlock thresholds

Steady-State Operational Scenarios

The controlled variables used for state declaration

The corresponding stability bands

Table 3. Steady State Operational Scenarios

Transient Operational Scenarios

The conditions under which the QPS permits and/or initiates process flows to and from the Cryogenic Users.

The expected duration of each scenario and/or sub-step

The maximum refrigeration power the QPS can sustain at discrete temperature levels between 300 K and 4.5 K (e.g., 250 K, 200 K, 150 K, 100 K, 50 K, 4.5 K)

The Cryogenic Users may be cooled down and warmed up simultaneously or sequentially, as permitted by the QPS design

the expected overall cooldown time from 300 K to 2 K.

the expected duration for each cool-down Scenario Transition.

the expected duration of each warm-up Scenario Transition, and the resulting constraints on the warm-up rate and mass flow of the users.

the expected maximum refrigeration power the QPS can sustain at discrete temperature levels between 250 K and 4.5 K (e.g. 250 K, 200 K, 150 K, 100 K, 50 K, 4.5 K).

Table 4. Transient Operational Scenarios

Transition between Operational Scenarios

Confirm that the installed cooling capacity is sufficient to accomplish the transients.

Estimate the time duration to accomplish the transients.

Specify relevant performance limitations (e.g. max. cool-down speed)

📊 Figure 8. Operational Scenarios and their transitions of the QPS.

Other operational scenarios

Purging and Conditioning

Instrumentation verification steps.

Specification of purge gas quality requirements

Definition of vent routing and discharge conditions

Defined acceptance criteria prior to cooldown (e.g. helium purity).

Automated control sequences (preferred method), or

Manual procedures protected by control-system interlocks.

Startup preparation

Verification of instrumentation and control system readiness.

Verification of valve positions and isolation status.

Confirmation of purge completion and gas purity levels.

Verification of safety interlocks and protection systems.

Defined acceptance criteria prior to initiation of cool-down.

LHe Filling / Emptying

The values in Table 5 indicate the expected LHe filling and emptying demand of the cryogenic users

The terms filling rate and filling capacity refer to accumulated LHe at the cryogenic users.

The terms emptying rate and emptying capacity refer to the evaporated LHe at the cryogenic users.

LHe filling rate

nominal operating range

maximum allowable value

LHe emptying rate

nominal operating range

maximum rate without loss of Helium inventory (all helium recovered by the QPS)

maximum rate with controlled loss of Helium inventory (partial venting of helium to atmosphere)

Table 5. Indicative LHe Filling and Emptying Demand.

† Corresponding to an average of ~0.8 g/s per QCELL.

the expected duration of the LHe filling phase and the maximum continuous LHe filling rate the QPS can produce.

the expected duration of the LHe emptying phase and the maximum continuous emptying flow rate the QPS will be able to accommodate while preserving the helium inventory.

Operational Condition Ranges

Table 6 specifies the Operational Heat Load Ranges

Table 7 specifies the Operational Flow Conditions at QPS interfaces

Design pressure

Design temperature

Range requirement

Stability requirement

The maximum deviation from the operating value over a rolling time window  = 1 min, using the measurement location applied for scenario control and state declaration.

Heat Load Ranges

The lower bound excludes contingency margins

The upper bound includes contingency margins

Table 6. Operational Heat Load Ranges.

Lower bound excludes contingency; upper bound includes contingency

Table 7. Operational Flow Conditions.

† Assumed ambient temperature.

Cooling Capacity

Provide sufficient installed cooling capacity to stably sustain the QPLANT Design Point.

Be capable of stable operation at the QPLANT Standby Point.

All Standby Operational Scenarios, as defined in §4.2.2.1 and not covered by RTM-040

All Transient Operational Scenarios, as defined in §4.2.2.2

All Other Operational Scenarios, as defined in §4.2.2.4

The External Helium Withdrawal and Recovery, as defined in §4.4.8

Indicate the design temperature and pressure on headers D and E.

Table 8. Design Cooling Capacity - Heat loads and liquefaction demand.

Table 9. Design Flow Conditions at the QRB interfaces.

† Assumed ambient temperature.

Liquid Nitrogen Precooling (Optional)

The QPS design may include integration of liquid nitrogen precooling (LN2 Precooling) within the thermodynamic cycle of the QRB.

define all required LN2 interfaces with the site infrastructure.

provide all necessary mechanical, process, control, and safety interfaces.

fully design and supply the Liquid Nitrogen Storage System (QSN) in accordance with §4.4.6.

specify the expected LN2 consumption, including average, peak, and transient demand

specify the requirements for LN2 replenishment logistics, including filling interfaces, delivery conditions, and operational constraints.

include all associated equipment, instrumentation, control functions, and safety provisions within the QPS scope.

Not compromise the ability of the QPS to remain safe under loss of LN2 supply.

Account for LN2 supply logistics, including delivery interruptions and pressure instabilities.

Provide an autonomy (e.g. storage capacity) of at least 14 days at the QPLANT Design Point.

Capital cost (CAPEX) comparison and identification of the main cost drivers, including equipment, infrastructure, and integration costs.

Operating cost (OPEX) comparison (expressed in EUR for 10 years of operation) and identification of the main cost drivers, including LN2 consumption (average and peak), electricity consumption, and maintenance costs.

The logistics impact associated to the LN2 Precooling, including the expected delivery frequency, storage autonomy, and operational constraints of the LN2 supply.

The impact on the operational reliability and availability of the QPS.

The impact on the overall performance of the QPS.

describe its functional role within the refrigeration cycle.

identify all required LN2 interfaces with the site infrastructure.

specify the required LN2 flow rate and operating envelope (pressure and temperature).

specify the expected LN2 consumption, including average, peak, and transient demand, for planning of LN2 supply and replenishment logistics.

specify the QSN storage capacity (tank volume), including the operational autonomy between LN2 deliveries under nominal consumption.

confirming that all contractual performance requirements remain satisfied.

Abnormal event

Electrical supply of the QPS

Cryogenic system of the QPS

Utilities supporting the QPS

Control and instrumentation systems of the QPS

Define the design-basis envelope, including at minimum:

The severity of the event

The duration of the event

The criticality of the event

Where appropriate, subdivide an event into multiple levels of severity, duration, or criticality

Justify and document the selected assumptions in the Engineering File

LOOP: Loss of Offsite Power, in the following duration levels

LOOP_15m: LOOP for a total duration of up to 15min

LOOP_1h: LOOP for a total duration of up to 1 hour

LOOP_72h: LOOP for a total duration of up to 72 hours

Loss of electrical supply to the QPS:CIS

Loss of electrical supply to (at least) one warm compressor

Transient grid disturbances, including voltage dip or short-duration power interruption.

For upsets or loss of operation

Loss of operation of at least one compressor (warm, sub-atmospheric, or cold)

Loss of operation of at least one expansion turbine

Unavailability of at least one Helium storage vessel

Loss of helium purity (e.g. air or moisture contamination of the process helium).

For incidents or failures

LOCA: Loss of Coolant Accident for any significant helium release due to rupture or major leak

Loss of Insulation Vacuum, in the following severity levels

Sudden and complete loss of insulation vacuum

Gradual or partial loss of insulation vacuum

Major internal helium discharge to the recovery system (e.g. activation of pressure relief devices)

Loss of cooling water

Loss of instrument air

Loss of local control power to sensors or actuators

Loss of communication between distributed control subsystems

Failure of a critical sensor (e.g. pressure, temperature, or level measurement)

Failure of a critical control actuator (e.g. control valve or compressor control signal),

Loss of remote supervision while local control remains available.

Global Design Criteria

Lifetime

Availability & Reliability

Use components and subsystems with documented operational experience under comparable operating conditions.

Identify all critical equipment and subsystems.

Identify any critical equipment with limited operational experience and explicitly justify its selection.

Prioritise reliability and availability over performance optimisation in all design decisions.

Obtain prior written approval from SCK CEN before implementing any technology lacking demonstrated operational reference.

Base the assessment on recognised RAM engineering practice and statistical modelling methods.

Define and document a failure classification methodology.

Identify all relevant failure modes at system and subsystem level.

Map each failure mode to a failure class.

Ensure that failure classification is based on operational consequences and recovery time.

Determine and state the MTBF and MTTR assumptions for each failure mode.

Document the complete assessment in the Engineering File.

Represent the functional configuration of the QPS, including all redundancy arrangements (e.g. N+1 configurations).

Represent the dependency between subsystems forming functional chains.

Represent common-cause failures affecting redundant equipment.

Represent dependencies on utilities and auxiliary systems within the QPS scope.

Demonstrate the impact of single failures on the defined operational states.

Update the assessment following any design modification that significantly impacts availability or reliability.

Submit an updated assessment during at least at the end of the Conceptual Design and Detail Design phases.

Substantiate the MTBF & MTTR values using documented manufacturer data (OEM or COTS), validated field performance records, and/or recognized predictive reliability models.

Clearly state all assumptions, operating conditions, and statistical distributions used in the assessment calculations.

Identify components for which empirical data are not available and justify the modelling approach applied.

Class A – Failure of sustaining 2 K Operation

While operating in scenario 2K-OP, the failure causes loss of scenario 2K-OP.

Transition to scenario 2K-SB remains possible.

Full restoration to 2K-OP is achieved within 24 hours.

Class B – Failure of sustaining 2 K refrigeration

The failure prevents sustained 2 K refrigeration by impeding scenarios 2K-OP or 2K-SB.

The scenarios 4K-SB or TS-SB remain possible.

Recovery from this failure is achieved within 5 days.

Class C – Failure of sustaining cryogenic refrigeration

The failure prevents sustained cryogenic refrigeration by impeding scenarios 2K-OP, 2K-SB, 4K-SB, and TS-SB:

The QPS is forced to transition to scenarios RT-SB or WSTOP.

The temperature of each QCELL may exceed the defined Thermal Shield temperature limit during the failure event.

The maximum allowable events represent the maximum number of failures permitted within the corresponding cumulative reference period.

Table 10. Reliability performance requirements

The replacement philosophy (e.g. cartridge-based or modular replacement).

The capability for in-situ replacement without requiring Warm Stop, where claimed.

The isolation and serviceability concept (e.g. bayonet or valve-based isolation), where applied.

The maintenance intervention strategy supporting the assumed recovery times for Failure Classes A, B, and C.

Maintenance strategy

Be based on a Reliability-Centred Maintenance analysis

Be consistent with recognized asset management practices, including ISO 55000 and ISO 14224 where applicable

A testing schedule, including inspection and replacement intervals

Recommended spare parts and minimum stock levels

Identification of critical components and long-lead items

The recommended maintenance strategy for each component (e.g. run-to-failure, time-based, condition-based)

Proof-tests intervals, where applicable

The maintenance duration represents the maximum time during which maintenance activities may be performed.

Table 11. Maintenance Windows

Identify all applicable components

Specify the operational state during which the online intervention is possible

Permit isolation of serviceable subsystems prior to disconnection or opening.

Permit verification of leak-tightness prior to opening any cold or pressurised volume.

Enable controlled depressurisation, purge, and evacuation of local service volumes prior to intervention.

Prevent air ingress and contamination of the helium process during maintenance activities.

Ensure that maintenance interventions do not introduce uncontrolled pressure or thermal transients affecting adjacent subsystems.

Energy-efficiency

Define and document the invCOP determination methodology

Document and substantiate the results

invCOP_contract ≥ invCOP_SAT + U_invCOP_SAT

Where:

invCOP_SAT is the value of invCOP, as defined in §4.3.4.1, determined during the SAT, in accordance with §4.13.3.

U_invCOP_SAT is the reported expanded uncertainty associated with invCOP_SAT, in accordance with RTM-077.

Inverse Coefficient of Performance (invCOP)

invCOP = W_elec_eq / Q_4.5K_eq

Where:

W_elec_eq is the equivalent electrical input power, as defined in RTM-074

Q_4.5K_eq is the equivalent isothermal refrigeration load at 4.5 K, as defined in RTM-076

HP compressor system

Process vacuum pumping system (PVPS)

Cold compressor system

QPS insulation vacuum pumping system

QPS internal auxiliaries (e.g. valves, heaters, instrumentation, control cabinets)

W_LN2_eq = (m_LN2 · c_LN2) / (Δt · c_elec)

Where:

m_LN2 is the total LN2 mass consumed over the considered operating period [kg], including boil-off

Δt is the duration of the considered operating period [h]

c_LN2 is the reference market price of LN2 [€/kg] (including delivery to SCK CEN), set at 160 €/ton

c_elec is the reference electricity price, set at 180 €/MWh

The reference price for LN2 and electricity are fixed for the evaluation of the Offer as stated in RTM-075 but will be re-evaluated at the moment of the SAT.

calculation or measuring methods

direct or indirect determination methods

experimental or analytical simplification methods

corrections, interpolations, or extrapolations

Operational Capability Envelope

The range of sustainable user demand, in accordance with the Cryogenic User Circuitry Model.

The minimum controllable operating condition (turndown)

The range of achievable flow condition at headers A, B, D, E, and W (pressure, temperature, mass flow)

The range of utility consumption (e.g. electrical power, cooling water)

Subsystem Requirements

Common Parts and features

Bellows, joints, and seals

This requirement applies to the use of Parts such as (but not limited to) bellows, flexible hoses, or any other type of expansion joint.

A design justification demonstrating the technical necessity of the mechanical Part.

A risk assessment, with specific emphasis on the reliability of the mechanical Part.

A dedicated QAP addressing the implementation of the mechanical Part.

An intervention plan describing how the mechanical Part can be accessed and repaired in-situ.

Indicate the quantity and location of expansion joints (if any) that are foreseen to be implemented in the cryogenic process piping.

Helium guards

Sealed flanges

Valve stems

Instrument connections

Sampling or purge ports

The nominal guard pressure

The allowable guard pressure range (including maximum allowable pressure).

Pressure sensors for remote monitoring of the guard pressure via the QPS:CIS

Isolation valves for the identification and localization of helium leaks.

Venting lines

Filters

Support structures and access equipment

Structural support for equipment and piping

Ladders

Access platforms

Walkways and handrails where required

Account for all relevant load cases (operational, maintenance, and exceptional) and installation tolerances.

Internal Interfaces and Interconnections

all connections between WCS, QRB, WSH, and QSN

all connections to any subsystem forming part of the QPS.

Common Instrumentation Parts

Enable automatic control of all QPS operational scenarios.

Maintain safe operating conditions; and

Verify compliance with the specified performance criteria during acceptance testing.

Overview photos (i.e. wide-view photos), showing the Instrumentation’s exact location

Close-up photo showing the details of all connectors (if any)

Close-up photo of each label

calibration curves, power rating, location, and protection set points (where applicable).

the complete, as-built wiring diagram

Valves

Electro-pneumatic positioners

A position indicator, measuring continuous or discrete valve position when applicable, continuously monitored by the QPS:CIS.

Electrical Heaters

Permit controlled warm-up of all relevant cryogenic circuits (including cryogenic distribution and Cryogenic Users where applicable)

Emulate user heat loads for stand-alone commissioning and acceptance testing of the QPS.

Voltage and current measurement with accuracy ≤ 1%

Remote on/off control and status/diagnostics via the QPS:CIS;

Preferred nominal output voltage 24 VDC or 48 VDC, unless otherwise justified.

Protection against overload and short-circuit

Remotely readable breaker status and remote breaker actuation for diagnostics and control.

Temperature sensors

Table 12. Temperature measurement accuracy

Pressure sensors (incl. vacuum gauges)

one isolation valve to allow safe removal, calibration, or replacement without depressurizing the connected volume or interrupting vacuum operation

one dedicated connection for calibration or venting, also fitted with an isolation valve.

Absolute pressure accuracy: ±0.5% of the reading

Differential pressure accuracy: ±0.5 % of the reading

Long-term drift: smaller than ±0.5 % of the maximum span per year

Liquid level sensors

bubbles generated by electrical heaters; or

flow turbulence or other hydraulic disturbances inside the vessel.

± 0.5 percentage points of full scale for liquid helium; and

± 2 percentage points of full scale for all other cryogenic fluids (where applicable).

Helium flow rate sensors

Cryogenic helium flow measurements: accuracy better than ±5% of the calibrated span.

Room-temperature helium flow measurements: accuracy better than ±2% of the calibrated span.

Helium Impurity sensors

One gas analyser in the Compressor Room

One gas analyser in the Cold Box Room

be equipped with a dedicated calibration line

be equipped with a purge or bypass capability for flushing the sampling lines

provide continuous measurement of impurities

trigger alarms on the QPS:CIS when measured concentrations exceed defined thresholds.

measurement range per impurity type: to be defined by the Contractor

measurement accuracy: ≤±1 ppm by volume across the entire range.

Long-term drift: ≤±1 ppm by volume per year.

a pressure regulator

removable filter elements

a manual process isolation valve

a flow restriction or flow control device

Instrumentation tags

XX represents the tag prefix identifying the instrument or device type,

### represents a numerical identifier.

1 and 2 for QPLANT equipment

7 for QSH or WSH equipment

The second and third digits of the numerical identifier may be assigned according to the Contractor’s internal numbering practice.

All other instrumentation may follow the Contractor’s standard practice.

Table 13. Instrumentation tags.

Warm Compressor Station (WSC)

General Requirements

The HP compressor system, for compression from LP to HP

The Process Vacuum Pumping System (PVPS), for compression from VLP to LP.

Compressors requirements

A bulk oil separator with an integrated first-stage coalescer installed directly downstream of the compressor discharge.

An oil-retention drip pan sized to contain the full oil inventory of the skid in the event of pipe rupture.

State the number of LP compressors (PVPS units) and HP compressors

Confirm the long term sustainable operating frequency.

WCS Valve Requirements

The connection from the helium-gas storage to the LP suction header, for loading.

The connection from the HP discharge header to the helium-gas storage, located downstream of the fine dust filter and the oil-charcoal adsorber.

Coolers

Purge valves suitable for draining and purging the gas circuits, including nitrogen blow-through or helium rinse-out, as applicable.

Purge and drain valves for draining the water circuits and purging air from them.

A control valve at the outlet for regulation of the cooling-water flow. The valve may be manual or thermostatic.

A manual water shut-off valve at the inlet.

Oil

Bulk separation of oil from the compressed helium gas immediately downstream of the compressor discharge.

Storage, thermal conditioning, and controlled supply of compressor oil to the lubrication and oil-injection circuits.

Retention of separated oil with sufficient residence time to allow gas disengagement, stable level control, and reliable oil supply.

Detailed procedures for oil preparation, dehydration, and filtration.

The sampling frequency for routine oil analysis.

The specifications and acceptance limits for particle count, water content, and acid number.

Oil-pump units

Suction- and discharge-pressure transmitters

A flow switch interfaced to the compressor protection system

Bulk Oil Separators and Oil Retention

Oil filters

A duplex change-over filter, rated at 25 µm absolute, installed at the inlet of each compressor oil pump.

A fine oil filter installed upstream of the oil-injection points serving the compressor bearings and shaft seals.

Manual isolation valves installed upstream and downstream, to permit maintenance and filter change-out.

A differential-pressure gauge providing visual indication of filter blockage.

Oil Purge and fill-up

Oil Removal and Helium Purification System (ORS/GMP)

A coalescer system with multiple coalescing stages

A charcoal adsorber system

The instrumentation and diagnostics required to monitor and verify the oil-removal performance.

Downstream of the bulk oil separator,

Upstream of the last coalescing stage

Downstream of the charcoal adsorber system

Coalescer system

Charcoal adsorber system

All necessary equipment to fill the adsorber without degrading the adsorbent.

The heating unit necessary for drying the charcoal.

Helium dryer

Inlet and outlet valves.

A bypass circuit.

Filters

A wire-mesh filter with a retention rating of 100 µm at the suction side of each compressor.

A wire-mesh filter downstream of the charcoal adsorber, suitable for retaining charcoal-adsorbent particles.

A wire-mesh filter with a retention rating of 30 µm at the outlet of each helium dryer, suitable for retaining dryer-adsorbent particles.

Process Instrumentation

Table 14. Minimum Process Instrumentation for the WCS

Refrigeration Cold Box Station (QRB)

General Requirements

A cold box unit (vacuum-insulated cryostat)

A dedicated insulation vacuum pumping system

Warm valve panels and associated instrumentation

Piping and valves required for purging and conditioning of all circuits

Electrical cabinets and local control units

Safety valves and relief devices

Helium guard circuits

Compressed-air distribution for pneumatic devices

Cooling systems for turbines and other auxiliary equipment

Access platforms and maintenance structures, including for all components located at elevated levels (i.e. components at the upper level of the cold box unit)

All external interfaces for utilities and auxiliary systems

Interfaces required to accommodate external helium withdrawal and recovery, as specified in §4.4.8

Main Process Heat Exchangers

Expansion turbines

Cold compressors

Process piping

80 K dual-bed adsorbers

20 K single-bed adsorber

Helium phase separators at ~4.5 K and ~2 K

Cryogenic valves

Electrical heaters

Filters

Instrumentation required for operation, protection, and diagnostics

The space constraints may favour a horizontal cold box configuration.

Main components

Vacuum vessel(s)

Main Process Heat Exchangers (MPHX)

Pressure containment under all design flow conditions.

Resistance to thermal stresses during cool-down and warm-up.

Helium leak-tightness between process streams and towards the insulation vacuum.

vacuum brazed

equipped with aluminium-to-stainless steel transition joints where applicable.

All necessary outfit for integration with the LN₂ system, including matching male connection parts and suitable interfaces for safe operation and maintenance.

Design provisions that prevent nitrogen solidification under all operational and transient conditions, including scenarios involving unintended high mass flow of cold helium in the low-pressure return stream.

Specify the maximum allowable temperature differences across the HX

Define the operational controls/procedures required to ensure compliance with the specified maximum allowable temperature differences during all operating and transient conditions.

Define the operational controls/procedures for controlled warm-up and regeneration of the high-pressure side to remove frozen moisture and impurities.

Turbines

provisions to control labyrinth leakage

provisions to prevent excessive cooling of the bearing bushings

An emergency power supply or equivalent provision in case of electrical power failure.

A secondary mechanical support system (e.g. backup rolling bearings) to protect the machine in case of bearing control failure.

Acceptable materials for the water channels are stainless steel and copper compatible with the water quality specified in §4.7.

Provisions to isolate, warm-up, purge, and coo-down the cartridge individually

Cold Compressors

An emergency power supply or equivalent provision in case of electrical power failure.

A secondary mechanical support system (e.g. backup rolling bearings) to protect the machine in case of bearing control failure.

A detailed cool-down and start-up procedure.

Provisions to isolate, warm up, purge, evacuate, and cool down the cold compressor independently from the main cold box.

Helium phase separators

one operating at ∼2 K and connected to the cold compressors

one operating at ∼4.5 K.

Control and stabilise the liquid helium level,

Allow a controlled emptying of the liquid helium

Emulate the user heat load during stand-alone commissioning and acceptance testing of the QPS.

include a diffuser at the inlet.

be insulated with at least 30 layers of Multi-Layer Insulation.

Adsorbers

Filters

A 10 µm wire mesh filter downstream of each adsorber.

A filter with a retention rating to be defined by the Contractor at the inlet of the cold compressors.

Dedicated insulation vacuum pumping system

Process Instrumentation

Table 15. Minimum Process Instrumentation for the QRB

Warm Helium Storage (WSH)

WSH Configuration

WSH_FixedScope: fixed scope of supply, excluding the Helium gas storage vessels (Contingent Part #2).

WSH_FullScope: full scope of supply, including the Helium gas storage vessels (Contingent Part #2).

All predefined and physically implemented mechanical interfaces required for connection of the helium storage vessels

All predefined and physically implemented piping stubs, valves, and isolation provisions

All predefined and implemented electrical, control, and safety interfaces

All required space allocation and structural allowances for installation of the helium storage vessels

All implemented control and safety logic required for operation of the WSH_FullScope configuration

Specify the functional and technical requirements for the Helium storage vessels.

Specify the manufacturing requirements of the Helium storage vessels, such as surface cleaning, corrosion protection, inner-surface treatment (e.g., Rustol/Owatrol or equivalent), outer-surface coating, etc.

📊 Figure 9. Warm Helium Storage (WSH), showing the Helium storage vessels covered under Contingent Part #2.

WSH Requirements

Pressure balancing between the pressure sides of the WCS

Helium inventory management and buffering

Stabilisation of compressor suction pressure during transient events

Temporary storage of redistributed helium during cooldown, warm-up, and filling operations

Recovery and reintegration of helium discharged during abnormal events

Interface with helium purification, if applicable

Interface with external helium supply systems

Helium storage vessels (for configuration WSH_FullScope)

All associated instrumentation, valves, and control equipment

All necessary interfaces for external delivery of gaseous helium

The Helium inventory contained within the QPS, as specified by the Contractor

The Helium inventory contained within the LINAC in configuration LINAC_30, as specified in

Table 17

A Helium inventory of 50 kg for the External Dewar Users.

An additional contingency margin of ≥30 % on the total calculated inventory

Be located within the designated outdoor Storage Area

Be oriented vertically

Include at least one inspection manhole for internal access during periodic inspection

Be provided with any ports required for purging, conditioning, and gas analysis

A local pressure indicator

Instrumentation for measurement of temperature, pressure, moisture, and nitrogen contents, with remote read-out via the QPS:CIS

Instrumentation for measurement of Helium pressure in the common vessel manifolds, with remote read-out via the QPS:CIS

Valves required for purging, conditioning, and gas analysis

Automatic pressure regulation between compressor sides

Isolation of individual storage vessels

Selection and sequencing of storage vessels during operation

The minimum total storage capacity

The minimum quantity of storage vessels

A conceptual layout of the WSH

A confirmation that the available space provisions at the outside Storage Area are sufficient for the proposed configuration

Liquid Nitrogen Storage (QSN)

liquid nitrogen storage tanks.

vaporizers and heaters, where required.

all interconnecting process lines and valves.

instrumentation and control equipment.

safety devices and pressure protection systems.

filling interfaces for LN₂ delivery.

all structural supports and ancillary equipment.

Helium Inventory Management

Table 17.

Table 16. He Leakage limits

Table 17. Helium Inventory at the Cryogenic Users (for LINAC_30)

The expected leak rates, expressed as annual helium loss percentage, per leak type and in total, including diffusive losses.

The helium leak-detection methods, pressure-hold test procedures, vacuum-decay or pressure-rise methodologies, and long-term monitoring techniques, including the corresponding acceptance criteria.

The post-installation and operational monitoring strategy, including thresholds and monitoring frequency.

The expected helium loss during conventional pump-down, purge, and conditioning operations for the QPS.

LOOP

The identification of the critical loads to be maintained under LOOP conditions.

The enveloping assumptions for the internal distribution logic, including switching, prioritization, and load-control schemes.

The configuration and internal routing of the limited utility supplies.

Purging

Abnormal conditions

≥200 g/s during normal operation of the QPS.

≥100 g/s during abnormal operation of the QPS, such as LOOP.

A Bill of Materials (BoM) of all recovery components (e.g. low-pressure gas balloon storage and/or high-pressure compressor-driven recovery and/or dedicated purification system).

The maximum flow that the QPS can accept from the S line.

External Helium Withdrawal and Recovery

All necessary infrastructure for the withdrawal of LHe to external dewars (the dewars themselves are not in scope of this Contract).

All necessary equipment and interfaces for the recovery of GHe via the dedicated line “G20” coming from the external WGR-MAC system.

Mass and energy balance calculations

Quantification of LHe consumption associated to the Dewar filling operations, excluding the net liquid withdrawal delivered to the External Dewar Users

Assessment of the impact on overall QPS availability and operational stability, with particular emphasis on disturbances during 2K-OP.

Control logic and interlocks during Dewar filling operations, including Helium flow paths, pressure, and level control response.

Description of the control philosophy and interlocks during Dewar filling operations, including helium flow paths and pressure and level control response,

Definition and justification of acceptance criteria for operational parameters (e.g. pressure fluctuations), helium inventory impact, and helium purity.

Dewar Filling Station

Filling demand during active Dewar User campaigns

Peak demand: A sporadic net withdrawal of up to 200 L of LHe at the start of Dewar User campaign

Nominal demand: An average net withdrawal of 50 L of LHe per day throughout the duration of a Dewar User campaign.

Net withdrawal definition

Interface conditioning and purge operations

Cool-down of associated filling equipment

Expected boil-off losses during transfer

Vapour recovery efficiency and return flow

Purging or conditioning steps where applicable

Substantiate compliance in the Engineering File

Demonstrate compliance during SAT

Warm GHe Recovery from WGR-MAC

Fluid: gaseous Helium

Nominal temperature: 300K

Nominal pressure: 1.1 bar(a) ± 0.02 bar(a)

Maximal pressure: 1.5 bar(a)

Nominal mass flow: 0.1 g/s

Maximal mass flow: 0.5 g/s

maximum allowable O₂ content

maximum allowable N₂ content

maximum allowable dew point below –80 °C.

The interface fluid conditions at line QRB.G20 are in accordance with the specified interface conditions

The measured helium purity complies with the defined helium acceptance criteria

The QPLANT operation can be maintained without disturbance

A non-return valve

An automated isolation valve

Removable end caps to allow blinding of the interface

Dedicated sampling points for impurity monitoring

A pressure transducer

A mass flow transducer

Interfaces with cryogenic infrastructure

Cryogenic Distribution Backbone (QDB)

Define and provide the QRB-side interface constraints, including geometry, space envelope, accessibility, allowable loads, and other relevant parameters.

Define and provide the QRB-side boundary conditions, including the terminal points and the proposed connection principles.

Provide all information required by SCK CEN (and the QDB Contractor) to define and manufacture the QLM Spool and to prepare the connection work.

Comply with the agreed interface definition, provided that the QRB constraints are respected.

Account for the spatial constraints introduced by the test cap in the QRB interface design, including envelope, access, and handling.

Design the test cap to be fully compatible with its later removal and with the final connection of the QLM Spool.

Removal of the QRB test cap,

Preparation of the QRB interface for connection,

Connection of the QLM spool to the QRB.

Joining of the process pipes.

Continuity of the Thermal Shield and MLI across the connection.

Joining of the vacuum jackets.

📊 The preliminary arrangement of the QRB–QLM connection is illustrated in Figure 10.

Vacuum jacket: ~400 mm

Header A: ~30 mm

Header B: ~150 mm

Header D: ~50 mm

Header E: ~50 mm

📊 Figure 10. Preliminary arrangement and indicative pipe sizes of the QLM at the QRB-QLM connection.

Warm Piping System (WPS)

The preliminary dimensions and mechanical interfaces of the WPS interfaces are as follows:

Line U: DN25 at user side, flange type CF40

Line W: DN40 at user side, flange type CF63

Line S: DN150 at user side, flange type CF160

Specificities for Line U interface

Helium supply for purge/conditioning of the Cryogenic Users

Helium supply for replenishment of helium guards at the Cryogenic Users

Nominal flow temperature: ambient temperature ± 5 K

Nominal supply pressure: ~1.5 bar

Protected maximum supply pressure: 1.6 bar

Helium mass flow rate:

≤20 g/s during conditioning of Cryogenic Users (~2 kg in ≤120 s)

During replenishment of helium guards: to be defined latest by the end of the Detailed Design phase

Helium quality: clean helium suitable for direct use, in accordance with the QPS helium cleanliness requirements

A manual shut-off valve, equipped with a limit switch to signal the closed position to the QPS:CIS

A pressure limiter with a setpoint configured to achieve the nominal supply pressure

Pressure protection devices sized and set such that the protected maximum supply pressure is not exceeded

Specificities for Line S interface

Helium return at room temperature from the Cryogenic Users

Nominal flow temperature: ambient temperature ± 15 K

Nominal return pressure: 1.1 bar ±5 mbar

Minimum allowable pressure: 1.05 bar

Helium mass flow rate capabilities (use cases):

Residual/erratic return flow: ≤0.1 g/s continuous

Uncontrolled reheating at the Cryogenic Users: 100 g/s nominal with spikes to 150 g/s during 6-8 h

Sudden and total break of insulation vacuum at the Cryogenic Users (QVE): transient return flow spike up to 200 g/s for ~100 s.

Helium quality: clean helium suitable for direct use, in accordance with the QPS helium cleanliness requirements.

A remotely controlled shut-off valve, equipped with a limit switch to signal the closed position to the QPS:CIS

A regulation valve to control the intake of return helium

A pressure sensor located upstream of the regulation valve

A temperature sensor located upstream of the regulation valve

Pressure protection devices sized and set to protect the QPS equipment against overpressure originating from the Cryogenic Users. User-side overpressure protection is outside the QPS scope.

Provisions to protect the QPS equipment against cold helium originating from the Cryogenic Users. The QPS may reject the flow intake.

Specificities for Line W interface

Helium return at room temperature from the Cryogenic Users

Nominal flow temperature: ambient temperature ± 5 K

Nominal return pressure: 1.1 bar ±10 mbar

Helium mass flow rate:

For 4K-SB, 2K-SB and 2K-OP: 0-3 g/s with stability of ±0.1g/s peak-to-peak over τ=1 min

For TS-SB and RT-SB: no flow

Helium quality: clean helium suitable for direct use, in accordance with the QPS helium cleanliness requirements.

A remotely controlled shut-off valve, equipped with a limit switch to signal the closed position to the QPS:CIS

A regulation valve to control the intake of return helium

A pressure sensor located upstream of the shut-off valve

Pressure protection devices sized and set to protect the QPS equipment against overpressure originating from the Cryogenic Users. User-side overpressure protection is outside the QPS scope.

Control and Interlock System (QPS:CIS)

Overview

The QPS:CIS is the dedicated system for the control and interlock of the Contractors Equipment, ensuring all on-site cryogenic processes operate safely and efficiently. This implies that QPS needs to provide SCADA including archiving functionality for historical data.

To function within the wider facility, the QPS:CIS connects with the MCS, the MIT and the MIS. In a later stage, SCK CEN may decide to integrate the QPS:SCADA into MCS.

The connection to the MCS is designed to exchange all necessary data between the QPS:CIS and the QCELLs.

The integration with the MIT platform is designed to:

Connect to centralized networking infrastructure

Utilize centralized services like backups, and user authentication.

Within the overall machine safety framework, the QPS:CIS has a clearly defined role:

It manages the dedicated local protection of the QPS, executing immediate safety functions such as automated shutdowns in response to internal faults.

It defers to the MIS for all global safety functions, particularly when the QPLANT interacts with other facility systems

QPS:CIS Reference Architecture

📊 Figure 11 illustrates the reference architecture of the complete cryogenic control system, identifying the QPS:CIS as a key sub-system.

📊 Figure 11. Reference Architecture of the Cryogenic Control System

📊 Refer to §11.3.2 for detailed signal and interface mapping shown in Figure 11.

General requirements

The QPS:CIS should allow every actuator to be controlled manually in the event of a malfunction (for example a motor can have an automatic a manual override mode).

Network Integration

Reference Architecture

The hierarchy and levels are as follows:

Enterprise Network (IT): Site-wide IT infrastructure providing shared physical connectivity and transport. OT integration does not rely on its internal VLANs or topology.

Technical Network (OT): Logical industrial network for control systems (PLCs/SCADA), implemented using an Industrial Underlay plus a VXLAN Overlay.

Aggregation Zone: Connection point for multiple cells into the overlay, enabling controlled connectivity to services and other domains.

Cell: Isolated subsystem network segment assigned to a specific security zone (e.g., QPLANT, LINAC, NFS).

📊 Figure 12. MIT Reference Architecture

General

MIT Services Integration

a clear list of all folders, files, databases, ... that are to be included in a backup

a document describing the backup and restore process

any script(s) required to perform these backups and restore actions

Network Infrastructure

An aggregation network ensures high reliability and performance by implementing redundancy to minimize downtime and enable fast recovery during faults. Redundant connections ensure continuous backbone network availability by enabling quick failover during link failures, minimizing disruptions, and maintaining system stability.

Security

MCS Integration

User and Maintenance Manuals

All information required for proper operation of the QPS by SCK CEN.

All information required for corrective and preventive maintenance of the QPS by SCK CEN.

Software development

control philosophy, functional descriptions,

detailed documentation of the software architecture, covering all modules, functional blocks, and components, along with their inputs and outputs.

lists of alarms, protection functions, instruments, events, and parameters.

control cabinet hardware configuration and recommended spare parts.

The use of Instruction List (IL) is highly discouraged. Higher-level languages like Structured Text (ST) are highly recommended for better clarity, maintainability, and portability of PLC programs. Therefore, the Contractor is strongly advised to avoid new implementations in IL and to migrate any existing IL-based code to ST or other recommended IEC 61131-3 languages whenever possible.

Declare the programming languages to be used per functional block.

Justify any deviation from ST and including retained IL-based implementations.

Demonstrate software structuring practices that favour maintainability, reuse, and modular design.

Proposals will be evaluated with preference given to Applicants demonstrating disciplined use of structured IEC 61131-3 languages and long-term maintainability strategies.

SCADA, HMI, and Data Historian Infrastructure

operator screen design support

communication protocol provision

coordination for tag/alarm consistency

provision of all technical documentation

Manufacturer support lifecycle documentation

Spare part availability forecasts and migration plans

Platform evolution roadmap (e.g., upgrade compatibility or virtualization strategy)

Technical or commercial approach to sustaining software and hardware support beyond the guaranteed 20-year update period (e.g., stockpiling, long-term service contracts, emulation layers).

Software Change Management

Interfaces with (external) Control System

Interfaces with MCS

Interfaces with MIS

Interfaces with MIT

Logs are provided in a data and file format that is machine readable, text based and non-proprietary. Examples of this include but are not limited to: CSV (Comma Separated Values), JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), GELF (Graylog Extended Log Format) or “Common Log Format.”

The details of the log format(s) used are provided. This includes but is not limited to the message structure and the possible key/value pairs with their type, value, and description.

Logs can be encrypted during transport if the security classification of the data permits this, but in this case the decryption procedure and required secret(s) need to be provided.

Buildings and Utility Interfaces

Site environmental conditions

For the Cold Box Room, the specified ambient temperature range may be reduced for sensitive equipment upon the Contractor’s request, subject to justification and approval by SCK CEN.

Table 18. Site Environmental Conditions

† Range may be reduced for sensitive hardware upon Contractor’s request.

Building

The Auxiliary Building (AUB), including the Cold-Box Room.

The Cryogenic Compressor Building (CCB), including the Compressor Room and the designated outdoor Storage Area.

WCS and QRB equipment

WSH and QSN equipment

Auxiliary equipment (e.g. control panels, instrumentation cabinets, local control units) may be located within the Compressor Room or Cold Box Room where technically justified.

required lifting capacity.

hook height.

runway length and coverage.

structural load implications.

operational constraints.

The access door is 2.5 m wide and 3.5 m high.

The access door is 3.0 m wide and 3.0 m high (expandable up to 4.5 m height in exceptional cases).

The height of the ceiling is ~6.5 m.

The available space between the facility perimeter and the building is 11 m wide.

There is a roof opening closed with a temporary cover allowing to install the Cold Box.

The maximum available roof opening is 4.5 m × 13 m, measured as clear structural opening.

The weight of this temporary cover is less than the weight of the Cold Box.

No additional activities (e.g. for making watertight) are requested.

The access gate is 5 m wide and 4.5 m high.

enveloping dimensions

lifting mass

clearances

floor loads

transportation loads (road loads)

the minimal size of the roof opening

Electrical Interface

Table 19 Compressor room (CCB) electrical supply and load constraints

Table 20 Cold Box Room (AUB) electrical supply & load constraints

LOOP event

Provide the total and per-building load assessments (normal and peak demand).

Submit Single Line Diagram (One Line Diagrams) aligned to the ‘spatial split’ (2 rooms in 2 different buildings and terminal point logic described above.

Include a risk analysis and list safety functions to be served by a UPS backup.

Declare isolation strategies for embedded electronics in HV environments and list any required auxiliary supplies.

Water-Cooling Interface

General cooling water interfaces

One terminal point pair (supply/return) per room by cooling water type.

Both rooms are equipped with a drainage pit for PCW.

The WCS room is also equipped with a PCW drainage pit.

Relaxation may be evaluated for specific subcontractor package plants, provided they interface correctly with the Support System.

No explicit provision for separate make-up terminal points is required as this is managed via the Support System.

RCW, recovery cooling water for the heat recovery of compressors

PCW, process cooling water for cooling of all other components with the following properties:

A 40 wt.% propylene glycol–water mixture.

Process cooling water general

Table 21 Softened water quality parameters used for closed loop filling

A total heat sink capacity (across WCS and QRB) of 1300 kW at flow rate of 115 m3/h for a dT ~11°C.

An overpressure protection set at 6 bar on both supply and return headers.

Provisions to maintain constant flow to prevent fouling

Water Heat exchangers

Process Heat Exchanger, for the main removal of the compressor oil heat

Heat-Recovery Heat Exchanger, for the recovery and utilization of compressor waste heat

Nominal supply water temperature

For the Heat-Recovery Heat Exchanger: 30°C with a tolerance of +15°C (45°C) and -10 °C (20°C)

For all other heat exchangers: 27 °C ±5°C

Exceptional supply water temperature

Lower than nominal conditions during the coldest outdoor conditions after a long shutdown (SCK CEN will implement provision to prevent condensation).

Minimum design pressure: 0 bar

Maximum design pressure: 10 bar

Maximal allowed pressure drop between water terminal points (incl. heat exchanger, pipes, fittings, valves, and ancillaries in-between):

Heat-Recovery Heat Exchanger circuit: 0,7 bar

Process Heat Exchanger circuit: ≤ 2.0 bar.

Hydraulic test pressure: according to the ASME.

Heat-Recovery Heat Exchanger

Transfer up to 850 kW of thermal power from the QPS to the SCK CEN building heating system.

During commissioning or operational optimization phases, the supply water temperature may temporarily exceed the nominal operating range.

Nominal return temperature: 55 °C

Operation range:

Minimum: 53 °C

Maximum: 60 °C

Process Heat Exchanger

Remove the entire thermal load of the compressor oil

Remove the residual thermal load following partial precooling by the Heat-Recovery Heat Exchanger located upstream.

LOOP event

A back-up cooling water capacity of up to 350 kW will be available after an interruption of a few minutes.

The back-up cooling-water header is hydraulically common with the normal WCS cooling-water header, and that it may operate at reduced total flow.

Instrument Air Interfaces

One instrument-air outlet in the Compressor Room.

One instrument-air outlet in the Cold-Box Room.

Nominal supply pressure: approximately 9 bar.

Pressure dew point: lower than -40 °C.

Maximum flow rate: 50 Nm³/h for the entire QPS.

Air quality: Quality Class 2 for particles, water, and oil, in accordance with ISO 8573-1.

LOOP event

Interfaces with HVAC

Ambient heat removal in the Compressor Room and in the Cold-Box Room.

Dedicated exhaust-air ducts connected to the top of each HP compressor.

The heat dissipated to the ambient air.

The interface of the ducts to the compressors, including at minimum the size, flow rate, and allowable pressure drop.

LOOP event

No more than 15 kW may be dissipated to the ambient air in the compressor room.

Design and Fabrication Requirements

Drawings and CAD models

Develop all 2D manufacturing drawings and the corresponding 3D CAD models;

Develop the as-built PIDs per Element in accordance with ISA 5.1;

Integrate all applicable Instrumentation into the 3D CAD model;

Supply the 2D manufacturing drawings;

Supply the corresponding 3D CAD model(s) in multiple Levels of Representation (LoR), in accordance with §4.8.1.1;

Supply the CAD source file(s) of the 3D model(s).

STEP AP242 (ISO 10303-242) or STEP AP203 (ISO 10303 21), during the Conceptual Design;

STEP AP242 (ISO 10303-242), during the remainder of the Contract.

ISO 1101:2017 - Geometrical tolerancing — Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out;

ISO 1:2022 - Standard reference temperature for the specification of geometrical and dimensional properties;

ISO 286:2010 - ISO code system for tolerances on linear sizes;

ISO 2768:1989 – General tolerances;

ISO 2692:2021 - Geometrical tolerancing — Maximum material requirement (MMR), least material requirement (LMR) and reciprocity requirement (RPR).

Conceptual Design

Conceptual 3D model with a Level of Representation of at least LoR 30

Detailed Design

Detailed 3D model with a Level of Representation of at least LoR 40

Prior to the SAT

As-built 3D model with a Level of Representation of LoR 99

Level of Representation of 3D Models

LoR 10 - Reference Lines:

Representation limited to basic reference geometry such as datum points, axes, and sketches.

LoR 20 – Envelope:

Simplified bounding boxes or envelopes representing the overall geometry and space claim of the Element or Instance.

LoR 30 - Space-Claim / Keep-Out Zones:

Envelopes including hard and soft keep-out volumes and functional boundaries required for integration and clash detection.

LoR 40 - Minimal Structural Representation:

Representation including the principal structural Parts and the relevant interfaces.

LoR 99 - Full-Detail Representation:

The complete and detailed model used for integration, reviews, documentation, and final verification.

CAD Models with Intellectual Property

Without prejudice to the provisions on IP, in case the CAD model would contain IP content that the Contractor does not wish to share with other parties than SCK CEN:

3D Model Management

Provide real-time access for SCK CEN to view, comment, and download the current model versions;

Feature version control and change-tracking;

Feature access-rights management;

Remain operational throughout the entire term of the Contract.

The Contractor should ensure that the 3D models and associated workflows are compatible with SCK CEN’s current digital engineering environment, which includes PTC Windchill, PTC Creo, Autodesk Revit, Autodesk Navisworks, and Autodesk Construction Cloud.

Provide a preliminary CAD model of the QPS with at least LoR 20 in format STEP AP242.

Digital Process Model and Digital Twin

Be representative of the as-built QPS

Be based on modelling tools that are certified, validated, or compliant with recognised standards

Be delivered with sufficient documentation to allow independent use by SCK CEN

Design, Materials

Material Requirements

Base materials of the MPHX (e.g. core, manifold, nozzles)

Aluminium-to-stainless steel transition joints

Filler materials and brazing alloys

Cleaning and surface treatment

The application of shot peening is strictly prohibited on all components operating in a vacuum.

Welding

Certification and Qualification

qualified according to EN 287-1 (Qualification test of welders – Fusion welding - Part 1: steels); and

certified according to EN ISO 9606-1 and/or EN ISO 14732 (latest edition).

Welding procedures

Ensure that the parts to be welded are clean and free from dust, any traces of cutting fluids, grease and other hydrocarbon contaminants;

Have the surfaces which are subjected to the welding operations, inspected by competent staff and ensure that these surfaces are free from any cracks and porosity;

Implement all necessary means to minimize heat transfer from the welding seams to the existing brazed/soldered sections to avoid damage;

Anticipate the effects of shrinkage after welding, and hence take into account sufficient material to compensate;

Carry out intermediate and final tests on all “seal welds” to validate tightness against leakage.

Brazing may be permitted in exceptional cases prior to approval by SCK CEN.

Weld testing & inspections

For helium seal welds:

Indicate in the Manufacturing File which circular welds will be radiographically inspected;

Provide the results of welding inspections to SCK CEN no later than one week after their realization.

General Electrical Requirements

The selected motor and compressor system are rated for sustained operation above 60 Hz.

The expected Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) at the proposed operating frequency is documented and acceptable.

All required mitigations are in place (e.g., output filtering, derating, bearing protection, insulation class suitability).

Transportation and Logistics Requirements

Filling and sealing of all process circuits with inert gas.

The installation of shock indicators and pressure gauges, where applicable.

A visual inspection of the packaged items prior to shipment.

Inventory check.

Visual checks.

Comparison of pressure readings before and after transport.

Readout of shock and acceleration indicators.

Identification and documentation of any transport-related damage or deviation.

Installation Requirements

Mechanical installation and conformity checks

Verification of interface geometry and mechanical placement.

Verification of conformity of the installed assembly with the P&IDs and 3D model.

Verification of labelling and weld inspections.

Pressure & leak Integrity activities

Performance of the required pressure tests and static leak tests on all applicable pressure-containing components in accordance with the applicable codes and standards.

Provision of the corresponding test certificates.

Electrical & Instrumentation activities

Performance of electrical continuity, insulation, and functional checks.

Calibration and verification of all applicable instruments, including sensors, valves, and gas analysers

Safety Logic verification

Checking safety interlocks and fail-safe functions to confirm correct behaviour under fault conditions.

Control System verification

Verification of the correct execution of the implemented control procedures.

Cleanliness, conditioning, and machinery activities

Conditioning of all gas circuits and verification that they are clean.

Performance of initial static vibration checks on the compressors.

Insulation vacuum activities

Verification that the insulation vacuum of the cold box is below 10E-5 mbar, unless a different acceptance value is justified.

Commissioning Requirements

Pressure integrity testing

Control & interlock logic commissioning

Validation of correct Instrument calibration

Compressor Control Tuning to achieve stable suction and discharge pressures.

Adsorber Sequence Logic automation for regeneration and switching sequences for warm and cold adsorbers.

Turbine Optimization for rotational speed.

Tuning of labyrinth sealing parameters

The helium inventory required to perform the SAT is available.

Oil Removal Efficiency validation

Dryer Capacity validation (potentially by controlled water injection).

Vibration Spectral Analysis to identify potential vibration sources.

Validation of all interface control logic between QPS:CIS and: MCS, MIT and MIS

Training Requirements

Training and Competence Transfer

Installation and commissioning training.

Operation and abnormal-event response training.

Maintenance and troubleshooting training.

Instrumentation and electrical-measurement training.

Helium logistics, consumables, waste handling, and special-tools training.

Mechanical installation and hook-up activities associated with pressure-retaining joints, bolted connections, and support systems

Verification of pressure-retaining joints, bolted connections, and support systems.

Pressure testing procedures, leak-rate quantification, vacuum pumping, and purging sequences.

Specific installation procedures for safety-relief devices, including the correct use of torque tools and sealing methods.

Operator training on the local HMI, including signal interpretation, local patch-panel operations, alarm handling, and electrical-cabinet checks.

Functional training on start-up, shutdown, transients, and integrated QPS operation.

Training on helium management during abnormal events, including LOOP.

Simulation-based abnormal-event response and recovery exercises.

Static troubleshooting, including process-pressure analysis, leak testing, vacuum-decay tests, and valve-seat leak verification.

Dynamic fault finding and fault resolution.

Maintenance procedures for major rotating machines, including HP compressor screw replacement and removal/replacement of a single PVPS vacuum pump.

Hands-on maintenance procedures for the oil-removal system (ORS), dryers, including desiccant and absorbent removal/replacement, multi-component samplers, and gas analysers.

Sensor calibration, replacement, and signal verification.

Methods for testing and measuring electrical consumption on the relevant high-power equipment, including the HP compressors and the PVPS vacuum pumping systems.

Control-loop tuning of the relevant compressor pressure-regulation loops, including supervised tuning to achieve the required stability margins and response times.

Management of helium delivery by road tanker, including connection, disconnection, and transfer to the WSH.

Procedures for handling and disposal of the relevant consumables, solid waste, and hazardous fluids.

Procedures for absorbent and desiccant replacement.

Procedures for compressor and pump oil changes.

Procedures for glycol-water drainage at the relevant water interfaces.

Training in the correct use of all proprietary and special tools required for safety devices, rotating machinery, maintenance, installation, and skid positioning activities.

The Training Plan, including the proposed training modules and their intended scope.

The total price for the Training.

The expected personnel profile, including the number, and minimum entry competencies of the SCK CEN personnel (operators and technicians) required to successfully fulfil their duties after completion of the training.

Acceptance Test Requirements

General Requirements

The preparation and submission of the acceptance test programme

The preparation of the acceptance test activities

The execution of the acceptance test activities

The analysis of the acceptance test results

The documentation of the results in the corresponding acceptance test reports

A general overview, including:

The purpose of the acceptance test.

A comprehensive list of the tests to be performed.

The participants required on site during the acceptance test.

A description of the communication strategy and logistical organization for conducting the tests.

General requirements, including:

The equipment, tools, instrumentation, and computing devices to be used.

The required consumables and utilities (e.g. process gas, electricity).

The qualifications of the personnel required to conduct the testing.

Safety requirements, including:

The safety conditions and precautions to be respected during the acceptance test.

The required personal protective equipment.

The applicable permits, authorisations, and access conditions.

The emergency arrangements and stop criteria applicable to the acceptance test.

The identification of the hazards relevant to the acceptance test and the corresponding mitigation measures.

The parameters to be measured, including:

Their target values and acceptance limits.

The measurement instruments used and their measurement accuracy.

The measurement methodology.

The calculation methods to be applied where direct measurement is not possible.

The test setups and methods, including:

A description of each test setup.

A description of each test method used to obtain representative and reliable results.

The reporting requirements, including:

Factory Acceptance Test (FAT)

Full electrical inspections

Comprehensive checks for vacuum and/or gas leak tightness

Testing of the wiring for all Instrumentation hardware

Dimensional and geometrical controls.

Pressure and He leak tests.

Instrumentation and wiring tests incl. e.g. Insulation resistance, earthing continuity checks, visual inspection of cabling, labelling, and conformity to wiring diagrams.

Actuated Parts operability tests.

Hydraulic characterization.

Compressors & Motors tests, including flow rate, pressure, power consumption, efficiency, vibration, and noise.

Turbines & Cold Compressors tests, including verification of rotor stability and vibration levels at design rotation speed.

Validation of the local control and HMI for each individual system

Review of the QCR for conformity to the approved QAP.

Review of completeness of documentation included in the Contractor’s scope.

Site Acceptance Tests (SAT)

The site utilities, consumables, and external services required for the SAT.

Any temporary test equipment and arrangements required for the SAT demonstrations.

Mass-flow rates.

Pressures and pressure drops.

Temperatures.

Liquid levels.

Storage pressures.

Cooling-water temperatures and flow rates.

Motor currents and voltages.

Applied heater powers.

Measurement methods.

Direct or indirect determination methods.

Experimental or analytical simplifications.

Corrections, interpolations, or extrapolations.

Be based on the Cryogenic User Circuitry Model.

Include, where applicable, temporary heaters, valves, piping, test caps, and any other means necessary to emulate the required thermal loads, mass-flow demands, and pressure-drop conditions.

A demonstration performed prior to the formal SAT campaign may only be accepted as SAT evidence if:

It was performed in accordance with the approved SAT Programme

The corresponding records are available and acceptable to SCK CEN

No subsequent work, modification, or non-conformity may have affected its validity

SCK CEN explicitly agrees that repetition is not required

Demonstration of functional behaviour and operability

The validation of the start-up and shutdown sequences of the QPS.

The validation of entry into, operation in, and exit from all Operational Scenarios, as defined in §4.2.2, including the transitions between them.

The validation of the relevant valve logic and automatic operating sequences.

Automatic switching to backup utility configurations

Helium recovery behaviour

Valve logic and interlock behaviour

Response behaviour to abnormal events (e.g. LOOP)

Loss of electrical power.

Loss of cooling water.

Loss of instrument air.

Loss of vacuum.

Loss of control-system function or communication.

Degraded helium purity or impurity-related alarm/trip conditions.

Specific Functional demonstrations

Test conditions

Tests execution

Checking the mechanical characteristics

Measurement of vibrations, noise, oil pressures, and oil temperatures.

Checking of the cooling-water system.

Testing of the control software and interlocks during operation and under simulated failures.

Measurement of the main process characteristics, including helium flow rates, pressures, and temperatures.

Acceptance criteria

Test conditions

After successful completion of all individual WCS tests.

Test execution

Checking of the mechanical characteristics.

Measurement of the vibrations of the rotating machines.

Checking of the control software and interlocks in accordance with the functional analysis.

Testing of the cold compressors at the design operating points (minimum and nominal) and at full speed.

Checking of the operation of all valves, instruments, heaters, and rotating machines in the QRB and associated warm panels for all defined operating modes.

Acceptance criteria

Checking of the control software and interlocks in accordance with the functional analysis.

Acceptance criteria

Test conditions

POINT_A = QPLANT Design Point

Failure of the QPS:CIS

Partial or total loss of electrical power

Partial or total loss of cooling water

Partial or total loss of instrument air

Partial or total loss of insulation vacuum

Test execution

Acceptance criteria

Demonstration of performance and capacity

The achievement and sustainment of the required refrigeration power.

The available refrigeration power margin.

The mass-flow capability.

The stability of the relevant regulation loops.

The suction-pressure stability.

The ΔT stability.

The correct cold-box load balancing.

The response to representative step changes in applied heat load, operational configuration, and boundary conditions.

The short-term transient response and the longer-term steady-state stability.

The absence of any choke, surge, or other unstable operating modes.

The pressure-drop behaviour of the relevant circuits.

General

Individual electrical motor currents and voltages.

Heat power of the electrical heaters.

Cooling-water temperatures and mass-flow rates.

Mass-flow rates.

Pressures and pressure drops.

Temperatures.

For the QRB:

The flow conditions at headers A, B, D, E, and W.

The liquid levels of the LHe thermal baths.

For the WCS:

The flow conditions at headers VLP, LP, and HP.

For the WSH and, if applicable, the QSN:

The pressures in the storage tanks.

The mass-flow rates.

The liquid levels of LN2 in the QSN.

Demonstration of the cooling capacity

Test conditions

POINT_A = QPLANT Predefined Test Point, as defined in RTM-503, within the 4K-SB scenario

POINT_B = QPLANT Predefined Test Point, as defined in RTM-503, within the TS-SB scenario

Test execution

Acceptance criteria

Test conditions

POINT_A = QPLANT Predefined Test Point, as defined in RTM-503, within the 4K-SB scenario

POINT_B = QPLANT Predefined Test Point, as defined in RTM-503, within the 10K-SB scenario

POINT_C = QPLANT Predefined Test Point, as defined in RTM-503, within the 10K-SB scenario

Test execution

Acceptance criteria

Test conditions

POINT_A = QPLANT Predefined Test Point, as defined in RTM-503, within the 4K-SB scenario

POINT_B = QPLANT Standby Point

Test execution

Acceptance criteria

Test conditions

POINT_A = QPLANT Standby Point

POINT_B = QPLANT Predefined Test Point, as defined in RTM-503, within the 2K-OP scenario.

POINT_C = QPLANT Design Point

Test execution

Acceptance criteria

Demonstration of the 2K-OP operating envelope

QPLANT Design Point

QPLANT Standby Point

Six (6) QPLANT Predefined Test Points, as defined in RTM-503, each corresponding to a condition within the 2K-OP scenario.

Demonstrate stable transition of the QPS from the preceding test point to the current test point.

Stabilise the QPS at the test point and record the relevant process values.

Apply a first step change ∆Q_step, as defined in RTM-528.

Demonstrate that the QPS remains controllable and reaches a stable operating condition following the applied step change ∆Q_step.

Apply a second independently selected step change ∆Q_step, as defined in RTM-528.

Demonstrate that the QPS remains controllable and reaches a stable operating condition following the applied step change ∆Q_step.

Characterization of the QPLANT Maximal Point

Determine the corresponding operating conditions.

Demonstrate stable operation of the QPS at that point.

Identify the limiting subsystem(s) or constraint(s).

Report the corresponding operating margins and stability limits.

Demonstration of process subsystems and process integrity

The relevant vacuum levels remain within the specified limits.

The measured leakage remains within the specified leak-rate limits.

For all 3 lines

The corresponding temperatures, pressures, mass-flow capabilities, and helium quality at the relevant interface.

The correct behaviour of the associated shut-off valves, regulation valves, instrumentation, and protection devices.

The operation through the relevant line does not cause unacceptable degradation of QPS performance, process stability, equipment protection, or compression-system behaviour.

For lines QRB.S and QRB.W

The flow through the lines is correctly received and processed by the QPS.

For line QRB.S

The QPS design and operating sequences do not cause the pressure at the WPS.S side of the interface to fall below the specified minimum allowable pressure.

The correct behaviour of the associated cold-helium protection provisions.

Demonstration of rotating and compression equipment

The verification of the operating envelope of the cold compressors.

The provision and verification of the reference performance maps and stability limits used to define that operating envelope.

The verification of the choke and surge margins at the demonstrated operating points.

The mass-flow capability.

The noise, vibration, and flow stability.

The load/unload logic and turndown control behaviour.

The verification of operation at the QPLANT Design Point

The verification of operation at the QPLANT Standby Point

The verification of compliance with specified noise/vibration limits

The oil-removal efficiency.

The dryer performance.

The verification of the relevant impurity-removal performance of the auxiliary-process systems.

The verification of the relevant downstream oil concentration limits.

The verification of the regeneration procedure, regeneration duration, and regeneration-gas consumption.

Test conditions

The QPS may be at room temperature

Test execution

Mass-flow rates delivered by the compressors.

Pressures at VLP, LP, and HP.

Helium temperatures.

Cooling-water temperatures.

The performance of the oil-removal system, including the hydrocarbon level downstream of the ORS.

The performance of the dryer.

Individual electrical motor currents and voltages.

Acceptance criteria

The verification of the relevant operating range.

The verification of stable rotational behaviour.

The verification of the relevant inlet and outlet process conditions.

The verification of the turbine control behaviour.

The verification of the turbine start-up, shutdown, and response to operating-point changes.

Demonstration of storage and withdrawal systems

The verification of the usable helium storage capacity.

The verification of the fill and withdrawal capability.

The verification of the pressure stability and pressure control behaviour.

The verification of the correct functioning of the associated instrumentation, valves, and protections.

The verification of the boil-off rate.

The verification of the usable LN2 storage capacity.

The verification of the fill and withdrawal capability under representative demand.

The verification of the pressure stability and pressure control behaviour.

The verification of the correct functioning of the associated instrumentation, valves, and protections.

The verification of the correct filling operation under the relevant operating conditions.

The verification of the correct functioning of the associated instrumentation, valves, and protections.

The verification that impure helium is automatically rejected in accordance with the specified acceptance criteria.

Energy-Efficiency demonstration

Define and document the methodology used to determine invCOP_SAT.

Perform the measurements required by that methodology.

Determine invCOP_SAT and the associated expanded uncertainty U_invCOP_SAT.

Document and substantiate the SAT results.

The required instrumentation.

The electrical measurement boundary.

The measured and derived quantities used in the determination.

Any correction, interpolation, or extrapolation applied to determine invCOP_SAT at the QPLANT Design Point.

Describe the electrical power measurement method they will apply within the QPS, including the electrical boundary (e.g. total plant consumption including auxiliaries, compressors, and control systems) and the associated measurement uncertainty.

Explicitly state whether any SCK CEN measurements are assumed.

Demonstration of operating procedures

Start-up procedures.

Shutdown procedures.

Entry into and exit from maintenance or regeneration states.

Recovery to the intended operating state after completion of the procedure.

Dryer switching and regeneration.

Cold adsorber switching and regeneration.

The demonstration that these procedures can be performed without unacceptable disturbance to the QPS operating at the QPLANT Design Point, or at another relevant operating point specified in the SAT Programme.

Demonstration of control system behaviour

The behaviour of the PLC and SCADA during failover, restart, and recovery conditions.

The correct restoration of the relevant control-system functions after failover or restart.

The preservation or orderly recovery of the relevant control states, alarms, and operator functions.

The verification of the relevant network communication paths.

The behaviour under communication loss and restoration, where applicable.

The verification of network redundancy functions, where applicable.

The verification that the QPS can remain in a safe and operable state if external communication links are unavailable, where applicable.

The continuity between FAT-validated and SAT-validated cabinet functions, where applicable.

The validation of the relevant I/O signals, command paths, status indications, and permissives.

The validation of the relevant sequence execution from the QPS:CIS perspective.

The demonstration of the relevant manual, maintenance, and degraded operating modes, where applicable.

The verification that all relevant interlocks prevent unsafe commands or sequences.

The verification of trip propagation and latching behavior.

The verification of reset procedures for trips and interlocks.

The verification of permissive chains required for equipment start or operation.

The verification of safe-state transitions when protection signals are activated.

The verification of safe-state behaviour in case of loss of power, where applicable.

The verification of the correct operation of sensors, transmitters, and switches connected to the system.

The verification of the correct operation of actuators such as valves, drives, heaters, and compressors where applicable.

The verification that field-device feedback signals correspond correctly with issued commands.

The verification of device fail-safe positions and behavior.

The alarm management behaviour.

The historian and data logging behaviour.

The time-synchronisation behaviour, where applicable.

The readiness of the interface towards MIT services, where applicable.

The readiness of the interface towards the MCS.

The readiness and correct behaviour of the interlock interfaces towards the MIS.

Other deliverables

Fluid Inventory

Special tooling

Spare Parts

Turbines

Cold compressors

Warm compressors

be fully traceable to qualified manufacturers

be fully compatible with the original design, performance, and safety requirements of the QPS.

Strategic Spare Parts List, indicating all spare parts included in Contingent Part 1, and specifying for each item:

unit price

procurement lead time.

Critical Components List, specifying the unit price, procurement lead time, and shelf life for all cost-relevant and/or operationally critical items that meet any of the following criteria:

a mean time between failures (MTBF) of less than ten (10) years, or

a projected replacement rate of two (2) or more times within the QPSs lifetime (RTM-055).

After-Sales Services

Helpdesk offers remote technical support, available on Business Days during normal working hours (from 7:00 am until 19:00 CE(S)T) via telephone, MS® Teams, or other commonly available communication tools.

Technical field service, available to provide technical support at the MINERVA site.

Complete the fault identification and analysis, and establish the strategy to realize the solution, including a preliminary cost and time estimate:

Maximum 3 Business Days after SCK CEN’s request for support in case presence at the MINERVA site by the Contractor is not required for fault identification/analysis.

Maximum 5 Business Days after SCK CEN’s request for support in case presence at the MINERVA site by the Contractor is required for fault identification/analysis.

Submit a formal quote for the solution:

Maximum 3 Business Days after completion of the previous step (fault identification/analysis completed; strategy for solution established).

process / cryogenic engineering,

control and automation systems,

electrical engineering,

mechanical engineering,

software and firmware support.

Technical Documentation

Define the File structure and level of breakdown based on its own expertise and established engineering practices.

Define internal grouping of documentation within a File (e.g. thematic sections or substantiation packages) to facilitate traceability and review.

Communicate the preliminary File structure to SCK CEN at an early state for iteration and feedback.

Activities may only commence once the respective File has been approved by SCK CEN.

An overview of all documents (including version) which are included in the respective File.

The Unique Identifier of the Element or Instance, whenever applicable.

Engineering File

Design decisions for the key Parts and Elements of the QPS, including their technical justification.

Sizing results for the relevant process and hydraulic Parts, including the supporting calculations.

Design verification results, including the associated substantiating documentation, such as calculation notes, simulation results, and analysis reports.

Building-integration results, including the relevant 3D CAD models and layout documentation.

Integration results at Element level and at QPS level with the interfacing systems and Parts, including the associated substantiating documentation.

Availability and reliability assessments, including the treatment of LOOP events.

Technical risk assessment results, including:

The assessment of process, human, and environmental safety risks.

The description of the protective measures implemented to eliminate or mitigate the identified risks.

Manufacturing File

3D CAD models, 2D drawings, and corresponding Bills of Materials (BOMs), including:

the details of the electrical wiring, cryogenic circuitry, and Instrumentation.

P&IDs.

Procedures for each manufacturing and assembly step of the Elements, and for any associated process, such as cleaning, spatial referencing, and wiring or mounting of the Instrumentation, specified to an appropriate level of detail to ensure correct execution.

Technical documentation of all Parts, including data sheets, certificates, calibration reports, and equivalent technical records.

All documentation received from the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) for Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) equipment.

Design documentation for custom tools or equipment intended for installation or maintenance, including at minimum CAD models, drawings, and production plans, with sufficient detail to allow SCK CEN to have such tools or equipment built-to-print.

Protocols for all QA/QC activities during manufacturing and assembly, specified to an appropriate level of detail to ensure correct execution.

The FAT Programme.

Procedures for handling, packaging, and transportation.

The FMECA in accordance with IEC 60812:2018, covering at minimum manufacturing, assembly, storage, packaging, and transportation.

The technical data and design datasheets of critical components, including heat exchangers, piping, rotating machines, and valves, with sufficient detail to allow SCK CEN to model the complete cryogenic system, including the cryogenic plant, in simulations.

Installation File

Installation activities specific to each physical location (e.g. Coldbox Room)

Installation activities related to the QPS, including its integration into the MINERVA facility (buildings and infrastructure).

3D CAD models and 2D layouts of the final building and system integration.

Installation procedures (i.e. placement of an Instance, Internal Interface connections, External Interface connections).

Protocols for all QA/QC activities during the Installation.

SAT Programme.

Quality Control Report

All results and records of all conducted QC activities, including tests, measurements, and inspections.

A complete report of all identified deviations arising during the Contractual Phases, including the related processes and their resolution status.

The Manufacturing File version(s) applied for each manufacturing step.

The Installation File version(s) applied for each installation step.

The identification, such as batch numbers or serial numbers, of all Parts used to manufacture and install the Instance, to ensure full traceability.

The complete QC documentation for all Parts and materials used to manufacture and install the Instance.

Where applicable, the material certificates in accordance with EN 10204, including especially type 3.1 and type 3.2 certificates.

A detailed log of each manufacturing, packaging, transportation, and installation step, including the relevant process parameters.

A photographic log of the Instrumentation located within the insulation vacuum environment, in accordance with §RTM-095

The Spatial Referencing information.

The QC results and records, in accordance with §8..

The reporting of deviations, including an overview of all Non-Conformity Reports (NCRs).

FAT Report

The Manufacturing File version(s) according to which each FAT test has been performed.

The results and records of each individual test.

SAT Report

The Installation File version(s) according to which each SAT test has been performed.

The SAT Programme

The results and records of each individual test, including but not limited to, the executed procedures, test conditions, measured data, derived results, deviations, non-conformities, and compliance assessment.

Commissioning Plan

An overview of all tests to be performed during commissioning.

For each test, the test procedure specified to an appropriate level of detail to ensure proper execution.

A matrix of roles and responsibilities for commissioning and acceptance, identifying at least the Commissioning Manager, QA, and any third-party bodies.

Commissioning Report

The Commissioning Plan version(s) according to which each commissioning test has been performed.

The results and records of each individual test.

As-built File

3D CAD models and 2D drawings of the final implementation.

The implemented physical details of electrical wiring, cryogenic circuitry, instrumentation, and all other information required for operation, maintenance, and repair.

Per Instance, a list of deviations from the original design that occurred during manufacturing, installation, and/or commissioning.

Technical File

VLAREM Technical File

Safety and Protection Requirements

Machine Protection

QPS external interfaces

Loss of utility (e.g. electricity, water, compressed air, …)

MIS Interlock Interface failure

Operation outside the nominal interface parameters and defined operational window

Operator error

Any QPS internal failure, such as loss of insulation vacuum or a QPLANT trip

Personnel Safety

The QCELLs have a dedicated bursting disk venting system that is not connected to the QPS and not within the scope of this Contract.

hazards (detectable physical conditions),

consequences (physiological or mechanical outcomes)

mitigation layers (engineering, organizational, and procedural).

Oxygen-Deficiency Hazard (ODH) with Asphyxiation / anoxia as the ultimate physiological consequence of unmitigated ODH.

Cold burn (cryogenic frostbite).

PIF (Post Installation File) inputs and residual risk records for handover.

Oxygen-Deficiency Hazard

The ODH monitors will be installed by SCK CEN

The ODH monitors will be fixed, compliant with EN 50104:2019, and rated to performance class SIL-2

The ODH monitors will be integrated by SCK CEN into the MINERVA wide site alarm and access control system

each monitor (signal splitters scope of SCK CEN)

a centralized location of a SCK CEN safety-interlock aggregator.

Schedule

Contract Phases

Conceptual Design (L1)

Establish the project management baseline (Management Dashboard & underlying processes, Quality Assurance Program and Risk Management Plan).

Develop the conceptual design, verifying/ validating conformance with technical specifications, define specific requirements for buildings and utilities.

Prepare the Conceptual Design File.

Detailed Design (L2)

Develop the detailed design, verifying/ validating conformance with technical specifications, define the list of components (incl. procurement specifications, manufacturing drawings), setting final requirements for buildings and utilities, developing plans and procedures for the next phases (e.g.: MIP, packaging and transportation plan, installation plan).

Prepare the Detailed Design File.

Construction (L3)

Perform the procurement, assembly, and manufacturing of all components and services necessary for performing the Contract

Prepare final plans and procedures for Phases L3 to L6

Execute tests and inspections,

Execute the FAT

Installation (L4)

Transportation to SCK CEN

Incoming inspections

Installation of the QPS

Standalone Commissioning (L5)

Stand-alone commissioning of the QPS

Training of SCK CEN staff

Site Acceptance testing (L6)

Execute the SAT

Provisional Schedule

Table 22 Provisional contract execution milestones.

“ED” = Earliest Date, “LD” = Latest Possible Date, “M” = months, “wks” = weeks, “BD” = Business Days, “CD” = Calendar Days.

Hold and Witness Points (HP / WP)

Upon receiving the Contractor’s finalized project schedule and Manufacturing and Inspection Plan, SCK CEN will define HP(s)/WP(s) and will duly notify the Contractor of such decisions. This will include at least the following:

The end of each Contract Phase is a mandatory Hold point

The FAT approval in view of Installation (per Component)

Contract Performance

General Organization

any decision to deviate from the terms and conditions as have been contractually agreed upon, may only be implemented after having obtained approval thereto from SCK CEN in writing.

Communication

Document Management

Contract Management

Progress Dashboard

A concise summary of the Contract progress

Updated open-action-register.

Work completed since the last update of the dashboard including encountered difficulties and improvement proposal.

Work scheduled until the next update of the dashboard

Monitoring of the schedule

Updated issue register, and any other points-of-attention identified during the performance of the Contract

Updated Change register

Updated non-conformity register

Updated Risk register

Meetings

The Contractor’s premises.

SCK CEN: Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium or Avenue Hermann-Debroux 40, 1160 Brussels, Belgium.

Any other location mutually agreed upon by the Contractor and SCK CEN, such as the premises of the deliverable’s component Contractors.

In audio or video conferencing.

Progress Meetings

Milestone Meetings

Kick-Off meeting (M11)

This meeting is a “face-to-face” meeting to be held at SCK CEN in Mol.

At the end of each Contract Phase

SAT completion.

This meeting is a “face-to-face” meeting to be held at SCK CEN in Mol.

Technical Review Meetings

Risk Assessment & Management Plan

Factory Access

General Quality Assurance and Control

submit a preliminary version of the QAP outlining the quality control process that will be implemented during Contract execution.

Quality Assurance

General requirements

Quality Management System

Quality Assurance Program

The inspections, measurements, and testing activities described in the Contract are mandatory but comprise only the minimum required. These activities are not intended to supplant any control, measurement, examination, inspection, or test usually performed by the Contractor to ensure the quality of the product.

Quality Assurance Plan (QAP)

Requirement traceability Matrix.

Test Plans & Reports.

Functional safety lifecycle management.

Certificate management.

Change and non-conformance management.

Document management.

Qualification of personnel

Document Retention and Submission Requirements

be identified by a unique document code, version number, and document title.

include a reference to the Contract unless the document was created independently of the Contract.

be version-controlled and include a change log listing the modifications applied in each revision.

be reviewed and approved by competent and authorized personnel prior to submission to SCK CEN.

be submitted in digital format, compatible with commonly available application software for Microsoft Windows OS and suitable for transmission via the internet.

Change Management

the initiator of the change

the justification for the change

the impact of the change (on product and/or (related) service(s),

safety,

risks,

contract price and schedule),

the description of the change and the plan of implementation.

a unique identifier, title, date of issuance,

monetary impact (if any),

impact on the Contract schedule (if any)

information about the status of the decision (proposed, on hold, rejected, approved, withdrawn).

Non-Conformity Management

A Non-Conformity is defined as any non-compliance with, or deviation from, any of the requirements and/or conformity criteria set forth in the Contract or approved Change Requests.

Detailed description of the Non-Conformity.

Identification of all potentially affected deliverables.

Identified (root) cause(s) including verification thereof.

Proposed corrective actions including their anticipated effectiveness.

Proposed reoccurrence prevention plan (if applicable).

be documented and submitted for approval to SCK CEN.

include the identified Non-Conformity cause(s).

propose an action plan to minimize the probability of a recurrence.

Audits

to qualify a Contractor/Subcontractor which is not ISO 9001 certified.

to address performance issues.

Quality Control

General requirements

Declaration of conformity with all requirements

Identification of the deliverable, including the purchase order reference no. and Contract reference.

A list of approved changes, waivers, or deviations from the specifications.

Applicable legislation, Codes and Standards

The legislation, codes and standards listed below define both technical compliance obligations and competence and verification expectations.

installation practices,

commissioning and acceptance testing,

training material and competence transfer,

maintenance strategy.

Applicable legislation

Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU

Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC

EMC Directive 2014/30/EU

Pressure Equipment Directive (2014/68/EU)

EU Eco-design Directive 2009/125/EC

A general description of the QPS

The description of the protective measures implemented to eliminate identified hazards or to reduce risks and, when appropriate, the indication of the residual risks associated with the QPS.

The list of standards and other technical specifications used to show compliance with the essential requirements outlined in the EU directive(s).

Instructions and other information for the safe use of the product covering at least, but not limited to, handling, shipping, installation, integration, operation, maintenance, de-commissioning, disposal, in English, and Dutch

Where appropriate, copies of the EU declaration of conformity of components incorporated into the assembly.

A copy of the QPS EU declaration of conformity in the original language, in English, and Dutch.

A copy of the nameplate(s) with CE mark.

According to VLAREM II, e.g. a helium inventory of >300 kg triggers an environmental classification. At least, the following studies are required: acoustic study, energy study.

Full detailed drawings.

Calculation notes,

Test reports, certificates, ...

Asset Management and Maintenance Standards

Table 23. Asset Management and RCM standards

Electromagnetic interference

A design dossier including EMI layout drawings and shielding measures,

A wiring and installation checklist verified during site inspection,

And, where applicable, EMC type tests or certificates for sensitive components (e.g., sensors, analysers, PLCs).

Pressure Equipment & Safety

Table 24. Pressure Equipment and Safety Standards

Functional Safety & Control

Table 25. Functional Safety & Control Standards

Cleanliness & Purity

Table 26. Cleanliness and Purity

Acceptance and Warranty

Provisional Acceptance

the successful completion of the SAT and

all identified Non-Conformities (e.g., missing, or incomplete documentation) having been duly corrected by the Contractor.

Warranty Period

Warranty Conditions

to normal wear and tear of the QPS, as well as any associated consumables.

to failures or defects which the Contractor can substantiate are due to alteration, misapplication, inappropriate use in view of the conditions of use as outlined by the Contractor (if any are provided), and/or maintenance not carried out according to the Contractor’s nominal conditions as set forth by the Contractor, lack of trained maintenance personnel (other than the Contractor’s personnel), operation above rated capacities either intentional or otherwise, or physical damage caused by persons other than the Contractor’s personnel.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the warranty period is suspended for the duration between formal notice by SCK CEN to the Contractor on the defect and resolving of said defect by the Contractor.

Final Acceptance

Initial acceptance occurs after the successful completion of the Warranty Period, at the written request of the Contractor, on the condition that all defects, attributable to the Contractor, regardless of whether they have been identified in the Provisional Acceptance Certificate or during the Warranty Period, have been duly resolved by the Contractor. If the conditions are met, a Final Acceptance Certificate will be issued by SCK CEN within 10 Business Days after receipt of the Contractor’s written request in this respect.

Appendix

Cryogenic User Circuitry Model – Boundary conditions

This section defines the boundary conditions required for the implementation of the Cryogenic User Circuitry Model referenced in §4.2.1.1.

The boundary conditions define the assumed thermodynamic states and modelling simplifications at the Cryogenic User interfaces for the steady-state operational scenarios.

The boundary conditions are defined per operational scenario as follows:

For 2K-OP and 2K-SB

CAV Bath

Bath temperature: 2 K (saturated LHe)

vapour quality at inlet (xXM): 17 % (two-phase Helium) (fixed value; model simplification)

vapour quality at outlet: 100 % (saturated GHe)

Heat exchanger

Temperature of returning GHe at HX outlet (TXB): 3.5 K (fixed value; model simplification)

For 4K-SB

CAV Bath

Bath temperature: 4.45 K (saturated LHe)

vapour quality at inlet (xXM): 7.8 % (two-phase Helium) (fixed value; model simplification)

vapour quality at outlet: 100 % (saturated GHe)

Heat exchanger

Temperature of returning GHe at HX outlet (TXB): 4.6 K (fixed value; model simplification)

For 10K-SB

CAV Bath

Supply flows via the filling valve, bypassing the heat exchanger (HX) and JT valve

Supply temperature (before filling valve): 10 K (superheated GHe)

Cryogenic User Transient Model – Input Data and Thermal Parameters

This section defines the thermo-physical input data required for the implementation of the Cryogenic User Transient Model referenced in §4.2.1.1.

The model represents the user cold masses as two lumped thermal capacities, each including all structural and functional components thermally anchored to the respective circuit:

“Cold Mass,” for all components thermally anchored to the CAV Circuit.

“TS Mass,” for all components thermally anchored to the TS Circuit.

The model accounts for:

Temperature-dependent heat capacity, implemented via tabulated enthalpy values.

Temperature-dependent heat transfer between stages and from ambient. The heat transfer is differentiated into radiative and conductive heat loads.

The thermo-physical input data is provided in the following tables:

Table 27, for the material breakdown of each lumped mass. The values represent the total installed mass per material contributing to the respective thermal capacity.

Table 28, for the temperature-dependent static heat loads.

Table 29, for the temperature-dependent specific enthalpy of the Cold Mass and TS Mass.

Table 27. Lumped cold mass composition for the Cryogenic User Transient Model.

Table 28. Static heat loads for the Cryogenic User Transient Model

- All temperatures are expressed in Kelvin. All heat loads are expressed in Watts.

Table 29. Specific enthalpy (weighted average) of the lumped masses for the 1 K to 300 K.

Control Systems

Instructions for GSHRC

Table 30. Instructions for GSHRC [AD_04].

Control Architecture details

📊 The following table expands on details as per Figure 11.

Table 31. Control Architecture details

📊 Extracted Tables

Table TBL-001 (81×2)

Table TBL-002 (2×2)

Table TBL-003 (19×2)

Table TBL-004 (13×4)

Table TBL-005 (33×3)

Table TBL-006 (8×3)

Table TBL-007 (10×3)

Table TBL-008 (5×4)

Table TBL-009 (6×5)

Table TBL-010 (11×7)

Table TBL-011 (3×6)

Table TBL-012 (7×8)

Table TBL-013 (4×3)

Table TBL-014 (6×3)

Table TBL-015 (4×4)

Table TBL-016 (14×2)

Table TBL-017 (18×2)

Table TBL-018 (11×2)

Table TBL-019 (11×2)

Table TBL-020 (4×3)

Table TBL-021 (10×2)

Table TBL-022 (10×5)

Table TBL-023 (6×5)

Table TBL-024 (14×3)

Table TBL-025 (19×4)

Table TBL-026 (7×2)

Table TBL-027 (7×3)

Table TBL-028 (5×3)

Table TBL-029 (3×3)

Table TBL-030 (3×3)

Table TBL-031 (5×5)

Table TBL-032 (31×3)

Table TBL-033 (42×2)

Table TBL-034 (47×3)